文中の空所(1)～(12)に入る適語を下から選び解答欄に記入しなさい。その際必要なら語形を変えなさい。

When the nineteenth-century physiologist Ivan Pavlov taught his dogs an association between hearing a bell and ( 1 ) food, he taught them to expect food once they ( 2 ) the bell. What we don't know, however, is ( 3 ) exactly these dogs expected, because Pavlov never explored whether they would have been ( 4 ) by the appearance of any old food or ( 5 ) they expected a particular kind of dog chow, and thus felt ripped off―cheated―when it was some ( 6 ) kind. The question then is what, specifically, do animals expect and think about prior to the occurrence of a ( 7 ) event? Whatever answer we ( 8 ) will not directly resolve questions of moral significance. However, because expectations are ( 9 ) in the social sphere as well, it is important to understand the ( 10 ) of expectation more broadly. If animals set up expectations and detect violations, then they should be capable of ( 11 ) when an individual does something socially right or wrong, and, possibly, ( 12 ) right or wrong.

(出典 Marc D. Hauser. Moral Minds. Abacus, 2009. )
(注)

• physiologist:生理学者
• chow:食べ物
• ripped off:だまされた
• prior to:の前に
• sphere:領域
• violations:違反

[
• form
• give
• hear
• judge
• morally
• nature
• other
• predicted
• receive
• satisfy
• what
• whether
]