〔A〕How did people count things without using arithmetic in ancient times? One way was by using a stick to draw a line in the dirt on the ground. Before a goat herder went to bed at night, he might ( 31 ) for every goat he saw in the field. Then when he got up in the morning, he could rub out one line for each goat that was still there. If he ran out of goats before he ran out of marks, he knew some of his animals were missing. Another common method for keeping count ( 31 ) or pebbles and lay one out on the ground for each of his goats. The following morning, he would remove one stone for every goat that was still in the field. How widespread was the practice of using small stones as counting tools? Consider this: The word "calculate" comes from calculus, the Latin word for "pebble".

• 問30. ( 30 )
  • (1) have used sticks on the ground
  • (2) be making marks in the ground
  • (3) have been marked and touched the ground
  • (4) have made a mark on the ground
• 問31. ( 31 )
  • (1) was to gather up a handful of small stones
  • (2) was getting several hands of stones
  • (3) wasn't popular with herding sheep
  • (4) could be a hand of stones

〔B〕Famous for their collection of tales, called "Grimm's Fairy Tales", the brothers Grimm, Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, were born in Hanau, Germany in the late 1700's. They were the oldest surviving sons of Philipp Grimm, a lawyer who served as Hanau's town clerk. As small children they spent most of their time together, and ( 32 ) they were to remain together for the rest of their lives. Their even tempered personalities made it easy for them to work together on projects. The main difference in their personalities seems to have been that Jakob had more taste for research work, and ( 33 ). Wilhelm was physically weaker but was a somewhat warmer person and more interested in music and literature. He was responsible for the pleasant style of their collection of fairy tales.

• 問32. ( 32 )
  • (1) aside from a brief period of living apart
  • (2) besides living far away from each other
  • (3) instead of living briefly apart
  • (4) in spite of living as part of a big family
• 問33. ( 33 )
  • (1) it was hard for him to work out most of their theories of language and grammar
  • (2) it was interesting that he worked out most of their theories of language and grammar
  • (3) it was he who worked out most of their theories of language and grammar
  • (4) it was most of their theories of language and grammar that he worked out

〔C〕Did you eat a sandwich today? Did you have an English muffin this morning or a piece of pizza last night? Americans eat 34 million loaves of bread per day, for example, rolls, baguettes, bagels, croissants, pitas, doughnuts, and dozens of other kinds of bread. Bread was the first processed food in human history, and ( 34 ) more people eat some form of bread on a daily basis than any other food product. Most bread falls into one or two groups: leavened, which rises with the help of an ingredient (yeast is the most common leavening agent) and unleavened, which is basically flat. Many flat varieties ― for example, Mexican tortillas, Jewish matzo or Indian chapatti ― ( 35 ).

• 問34. ( 34 )
  • (1) it is still the world's largest single food category
  • (2) the world finds new large bread categories
  • (3) it categorizes large and single breads of the world
  • (4) the category is still the single largest worldwide
• 問35. ( 35 )
  • (1) almost remained for thousands and thousands of years
  • (2) have virtual reality that has been unchanged for thousand of centuries
  • (3) have remained almost unchanged for thousands of years
  • (4) remained unchanged for a thousand years