次の英文を読んで、後の問いに答えなさい。

Reports of dolphins interacting with dead members of their pod are raising questions about whether cetaceans understand the concept of death. Bottlenose dolphins in western Greece have been seen reacting to death differently depending on whether aped member has died suddenly or after a longer period of illness.

Interpreting animal behaviour after the death of a companion is fraught with difficulty. Death is rarely observed in the wild, and it is easy to erroneously attribute human emotions to animals. Nevertheless, several species of intelligent, social animals, such as gorillas, chimps and elephants can display particular behaviours when an animal dies-behaviours which some have interpreted as akin to mourning [    あ    ] together with a growing number of reports of cetaceans interacting with dead animals and the discovery that they have specialised neurons linked to empathy and intuition, the Greek study suggests dolphins may have a complex - and even sophisticated - reaction to death.

Joan Gonzalvo of the Tethys Research Institute based in Milan, Italy, has been observing the bottlenose dolphin population in the Amvrakikos gulf since 2006. In July 2007, he and his team of EaIth watch Institute volunteers saw a mother interact with her dead newborn calf She lifted the corpse above the sulface, 《A》in an apparent attempt to get it to breathe. “This was repeated over and over again, sometimes frantically, during two days of observation,” says Gonzalvo. “The mother never separated from her calf.”

The newborn had a large bruise on its lower jaw, suggesting it may have been killed by another dolphin. ”Infanticide has been reported in this species,” says Gonzalvo. Aware of 《B》dangers of invest in animal behaviour with human emotions, he nonetheless suggests the mother may have been mourning the sudden death: ”She seemed unable to accept the death.”

One year later, Gonzalvo came across aped surrounding a 2 to 3-month-old dolphin that was having difficulty swimming. It bore bleach marks, possibly from exposure to pesticide or heavy-metal pollution. “The group appeared stressed, swimming erratically,” he says. “Adults were trying to help the dying animal stay afloat, but it kept sinking.” It died about an hour later.

From his previous observation Gonzalvo expected the mother to stay with the corpse. [    い    ], it was allowed to sink and the group immediately left the area. “My hypothesis is that the sick animal was kept company and given support, and when it died the group had done their job. In this case they had already assumed death would eventually come -《C》they were prepared.” Gonzalvo accepts that his interpretation is speculative and based on limited data. He is gathering examples from other researchers before publishing his observations.

Ingrid Visser of the Orca Research Trust in Tutukaka, New Zealand, has seen bottlenose dolphins and orcas carrying dead infants in what she too interprets as grief She acknowledges that the activity may simply be misdirected behaviour, and that the animals do not know that the calf is dead. “But we do know that cetaceans have von Economo neurons, which have been associated with grief in humans.” [    う    ], she speculates that the behaviours are a form of grief.

Visser bassoon similar things at pilot whale strandings. “When one died the others would stop when passing by, [    え    ]. If we tried to get them to move past without stopping, they would fight to go back to the dead animal. I do not know if they understand death but they do certainly appear to grieve - based on their behaviours.”

Karen McComb of the university of Sussex UK, who has studied how elephants act when they find elephant bones, says Gonzalvo's observations bring to mind other intelligent, social mammals, but it is impossible to know what is going on in an animal's mind.

“《D》It is fascinating but out of our reach as scientists,” she says, adding that any inferences are necessarily speculative “It's great to accumulate examples though-as more are gathered a clearer picture emerges.”

(Rowan Hooper, “Do dolphins have a concept of death?”, NewScientist, 3 September 2011)

注
• pod:群れ
• cetacean:クジラ目の動物
• bottlenose dolphin:バンドウイルカ
• fraught with:～を伴った
• akin to:～と同種の
• empathy:共感
• corpse:死体
• frantically:半狂乱で
• infanticide:子殺し
• pesticide:農薬
• erratically:不規則に
• orca:シャチ
• pilot whale:ゴンドウクジラ
• stranding:座礁

• 問1. 空所[    あ    ]に入れるのに最も適当なものを1つ選び、その番号を答えなさい。
  • (1) Taking
  • (2) Taken
  • (3) To take
  • (4) To be　taken
  • (5) Having Taken
• 問2. 下線部《A》の意味を日本語で表しなさい。
• 問3. 下線部《B》の‘the dangers of investing animal behaviour with human emotions’と最も近い意味になるものを1つ選び、その番号を答えなさい。
  • (1) the dangers of criticising animal behaviour in the light of human emotions
  • (2) the dangers of disturbing animal behaviour in the light of human emotions
  • (3) the dangers of praising animal behaviour in the light of human emotions
  • (4) the dangers of understanding animal behaviour in the light of human emotions
• 問4. 空所[    い    ]に入れるのに最も適当なものを1つ選び、その番号を答えなさい。
  • (1) For instance
  • (2) Indeed
  • (3) In short
  • (4) Instead
  • (5) Moreover
• 問5. 下線部《C》の意味として最も適当なものを1つ選び、その番号を答えなさい。
  • (1) 仲間に安らかに死を迎えさせる準備ができていた
  • (2) 仲間の命を少しでも長らえさせる準備ができていた
  • (3) 仲間の死を受け入れる心の準備ができていた
  • (4) 仲間の死を弔う行動をする準備ができていた
• 問6. 空所[    う    ]に入れるのに最も適当なものを1つ選び、その番号を答えなさい。
  • (1) As a result
  • (2) Curiously enough
  • (3) Fortunately
  • (4) On the contrary
  • (5) On the other hand
• 問7. 空所[    え    ]には、次の語句をある順序に並べ替えた表現が入る。2番目と4番目に入る語句の番号を答えなさい。
  • (1) acknowledge or confirm
  • (2) as if
  • (3) it was dead
  • (4) that
  • (5) to
• 問8. 下線部《D》の意味として最も適当なものを1つ選び、その番号を答えなさい。
  • (1) 動物の心の中を知るための観察を積み重ねることは興味深いことだけれども、科学者でないわれわれには無理なことだ。
  • (2) 動物の心の中を知るための観察を積み重ねることは興味深いことだけれども、われわれ科学者には不可能なことだ。
  • (3) 動物の心の中を知るというのは興味深いことだけれども、科学者でないわれわれには無理なことだ。
  • (4) 動物の心の中を知るというのは興味深いことだけれども、われわれ科学者には不可能なことだ。
• 問9. 仲間の死に対するイルカの反応の違いを述べた次の文の空所(    ア    )、(    イ　   )に、それぞれ10文字以内の日本語を補いなさい。
  仲間の死が突然の死である場合には死体のそばを(    ア    ) が、長い病気の末の死である場合には死体のそばを (    イ    )。