次の2つの文章を読み、それぞれに続く設問に答えなさい。*が付いている語には注がある。
(英文1)

For amusing examples of the exploitation of opportunities by species interacting with other species, we can turn to lying as practiced by animals other than humans. Deception by mimicry is well known; the viceroy butterfly, for instance, resembles the monarch and thus profits by the bad taste of the latter. The cuckoo and the cowbird practice another kind of deception by laying their eggs in the nests of other birds; the intrusive chicks then do away with the eggs or chicks that belong in the nest and monopolize the attention of the foster parents. But actual lying?

We are accustomed to hearing people lie, but it is somehow more (    ア    ) in other organisms. When the Argentine Navy spots a submarine in the area of the Rio de la Plata just before the budgets of the armed forces are to be considered by the legislature, we suspect that deception is being practiced so as to capture additional resources, and we are not particularly astonished. But the (イ)analogous behavior among birds is more unexpected.

One such case was discovered recently by my friend Charles Munn, an ornithologist studying mixed feeding flocks in the lowland tropical forest of Manu National Park in Peru. Some species search for food together in the understory or lower layer of the forest and others in the middle layer, where they are sometimes joined by colorful fruit-eating tanagers from the upper layer. In each mixed feeding flock, there are one or two guard species, which move about in such a way that they are usually near the center of the flock or just below. The “guards” warn the others by a special call of approaching birds that might turn out to be dangerous. Munn noticed that the guards for the understory flocks sometimes gave the warning signals even when no danger was apparent. Looking more closely, he found that the fake alarm often permitted the guard to grab some food that another member of the flock might otherwise have eaten. Careful observation revealed that the guards were practicing deception about 15 percent of the time and often profiting by it. Wondering if the phenomenon might be more general, Munn examined the behavior of the middle layer flocks and found the guards there doing the same thing. For the two species of guards, the percentage of false signals was about the same. Presumably, if the percentage were much higher, the signals would not be accepted by the rest of the flock, and if it were much lower, the opportunity for the guard to obtain extra food by lying would be partially or wholly wasted.

(Adapted from Murray Gelt-Mann, The Quark and the Jaguar, 1994)

• (ア) Fill in the blank (    ア    ).
  • (1) common
  • (2) prevalent
  • (3) surprising
  • (4) deceiving
• (イ) In the context of the passage, what is the word closest in meaning to “analogous”?
  • (1) similar
  • (2) opposite
  • (3) scientific
  • (4) well-known
• (ウ) What image does the writer use to convey why deception is practiced by both people and birds?
  • (1) He uses the image of mimicry to show how one species trick another.
  • (2) He uses the image of Argentine Navy to explain how budgets cuts can be stopped.
  • (3) He uses the image of telling a lie to illustrate how to receive greater benefits.
  • (4) He uses the image of dangerous birds to show the value in deception.
• (エ) According to the passage, which of the following is true?
  • (1) The cuckoo and cowbird both raise their own chicks.
  • (2) The opportunity for guards to steal food increase above 15 percent.
  • (3) Mixed feeding flocks are dependent on each other to survive.
  • (4) The percentage for an acceptable rate of lying is consistent among bird species.
• (オ) According to the passage, what is the main problem in giving a false alarm?
  • (1) If given too frequently, the birds will recognize When a guard lies.
  • (2) If not given enough, the guards will have an opportunity to get mere food.
  • (3) If practiced at exactly 15 percent, it will result in no gain for either bird.
  • (4) If used in combination with mimicry, other species will revive the benefit.
• (力) What can be inferred from the passage?
  • (1) Animals like humans do not see the need to practice deception.
  • (2) Some attributes previously thought to be found only among humans are present in the animal kingdom as well.
  • (3) Animals copy human behavior whenever Possible to develop as a species.
  • (4) Only birds are able to successfully practice mimicry for personal gain.
• (キ) According to the passage, which of the following is false?
  • (1) Mimicry is a previously recognized form of deception in animals.
  • (2) Birds as well as humans use lying as a means to exploit others.
  • (3) Fruit-eating tanagers search for food at two different layers of the tropical forest.
  • (4) Birds in all three layers of the tropical forest practiced deception.
• (ク) According to the passage, what is the primary conclusion of Charles Munn?
  • (1) Birds are not only capable of lying but regulate their behavior for optimal gain
  • (2) Birds are not capable of lying to result in personal gain.
  • (3) Birds are capable of lying but the behavior cannot be generalized.
  • (4) Both birds and butterflies practice lying.
• (ケ) Which of the following is true?
  • (1) Ornithologists study patterns of lying.
  • (2) The author of the passage lives in the Manu National Park.
  • (3) Various types of birds look for food in the same areas of the tropical forest.
  • (4) Butterflies are adept at lying for personal gain.
• (コ) Choose a suitable title for the passage.
  • (1) Shared Behaviors Among All Species
  • (2) Mimicry and Deception
  • (3) Lying in Peru
  • (4) Birds Exploit as Humans Do

(英文2)

The tale of Austin Carruthers begins at about 5:00 on a lovely spring afternoon in 1965, as I stopped by the Canterbury student clinic on my way from my office in the city. It was my intention to do a post-operative visit on a freshman whose appendix I had removed about five days earlier, and then go back to the hospital for evening rounds. I was about to write a note in his chart describing his good condition when one of the nurses asked me to see a newly arrived sophomore with a self-diagnosed dislocated left shoulder. Feeling inadequate to say much about an orthopedic condition, I tried to refuse, reassuring the nurse that one of the bone doctors would no doubt be coming by in less than an hour, and (    サ    ). But she was insistent. The boy's pain, she said, was unusually severe for such an injury and she felt that he should not have to wait any longer for a dose of painkiller.

You will understand my (    シ    ) as I stepped into the boy's large corner room. I was surprised to find him sitting bolt upright in bed, his right hand clutching the very top of his left shoulder as tightly as he could. The sitting up, the intense pain, and the tight grasp on the wrong place seemed unusual - that much even I could figure out. I asked him how he knew he had a shoulder dislocation, and between moans he told me that the pain, though much stronger, was reminiscent of what he'd had after sustaining the same injury in high school. But (    ス    ) ?

”Because,” he replied, “It becomes intolerable when I lie down.” When I asked him to describe the mechanism of Injury, he remembered only being knocked to the ground and landing on his left rib cage He had no recollection of his shoulder hitting the ground of being kicked.

Surgeons think of believes before they think of bones, and my response was immediate. I picked up his bedside phone and called the Canterbury Hospital operating room to tell the head nurse to prepare a room for an emergency splenectomy-removal of the Spleen*.

The boy's face, which until then had been a normal color, now blanched to a bed sheet white. I sat down at his bedside to convince him that he'd be fine once his bleeding spleen was removed. We had a little talk about anatomy. In what was probably the shortest lecture I’ve ever given, I explained that the top of the spleen lies in contact with the bottom of the leaf of the diaphragm* so any inflammation in that region affects both structures. In embryological development, I explained, the nerves (derived from spinal segments 3, 4, and 5 in the neck) to the diaphragm also carry sensation from the top of the shoulder, since they share a common origin in the embryo. Accordingly, when the diaphragm is irritated, the pain often feels as though it comes from the shoulder. “Austin, ”I explained, “the upper tip of your spleen was cracked when you hit the ground. There's a collection of blood called a hematoma* pushing upward against your diaphragm. The spleen has probably been bleeding slowly, but we have no idea if or when the drip will speed up.”

With the help of one of Austin's roommates, who happened to arrive for a visit at that time, I took him downstairs and put him, fully upright, into the backseat of my car with his legs stretched as far forward as possible. With him in that position, the spleen would tend to gravitate downward just enough (    チ    ).

After a quick stop in the emergency room to record his admission, Austin was taken directly up to the operating room. I took advantage of the time to phone Grosse Pointe and explain the situation to Austin's mother, who gave permission for the surgery. She said that she and Mr. Carruthers would be at Canterbury within three hours.

When I opened Austin, s abdomen just below his rib cage, all was expected. He had a ten-centimeter (    ツ-a    ) at the top of his ruptured (    ツ-b    ), and it was pressed tightly up against the (    ツ-c    ). Removing the bleeding organ presented no unusual problems, and Austin was in the recovery room by 8:00 p.m. His parents arrived an hour later.

(Adapted from Sherwin B. Nuland, The Soul of Medicine: Tales from the Bedside, 2011)

• spleen 脾臓
• diaphragm 横隔膜
• hematoma 血腫

• (サ) Fill in the blank (    サ    ).
  • (1) his opinion was worth a lot more than mjne
  • (2) my opinion was more adequate than his
  • (3) there was nothing he could do
  • (4) I was a specialist in orthopedic treatment
• (シ) Fill in the blank (    シ    ).
  • (1) contentment
  • (2) willingness
  • (3) readiness
  • (4) reluctance
• (ス) Fill in the blank (    ス    ).
  • (1) why sit up
  • (2) how intense pain
  • (3) where get injured
  • (4) why lie down
• (セ) According to the passage, how did Austin get injured?
  • (1) He clutched the very top of his left shoulder as tightly as he could
  • (2) He got a shoulder dislocation when he lied down.
  • (3) He was knocked to the ground and landed on his left rib cage.
  • (4) His shoulder hit the ground and was kicked.
• (ソ) According to the passage, Why did the author call the Canterbury Hospital?
  • (1) To ask for the help of the bone doctors
  • (2) To ask his colleagues how to stop Austin's intense pain.
  • (3) To tell the head nurse to prepare a room for an emergency operation.
  • (4) To explain the situation to Austin's mother and ask permission for surgery.
• (タ) According to the passage, Austin felt a sharp pain in his shoulder because;
  • (1) inflammation between the spleen and the diaphragm caused the pain.
  • (2) his bleeding spleen was removed.
  • (3) his shoulder got dislocated when it hit the ground.
  • (4) the nerves to the brain derive from spinal segments in the neck.
• (チ) Fill in the blank (    チ    ).
  • (1) to speed up the bleeding
  • (2) for its upper tip to be cracked
  • (3) to provide some relief from the pain
  • (4) for a hematoma to push upward against the diaphragm
• (ツ) Which of the following is the best order to fill the blanks (    ツ-a    ), (    ツ-b    ), and (    ツ-c    )?
  • (1) hematoma － spleen － diaphragm
  • (2) spleen －diaphragm　－hematoma
  • (3) diaphragm－spleen－hematoma
  • (4) spleen － hematoma－diaphragm
• (テ) According to the passage, which of the following is false?
  • (1) The author is a surgeon
  • (2) The author's response to the situation was so quick that he could save Austin's life.
  • (3) Austin's pain was so severe that he couldn't remember that his shoulder hit the ground.
  • (4) The author got permission for the surgery from Austin's mother.
• (ト) What can be inferred from the passage?
  • (1) Bone doctors should think of bellies before they think of bones.
  • (2) The doctor's immediate judgment can save the patient's life.
  • (3) Removing the bleeding organ is so delicate that it takes a long time.
  • (4) In any situation, the doctor should give a lecture to the patient on his or her disease.