The expression "Look before you leap" is used to encourage people to plan or, in other words, to think before they act. Planning is the thinking people do in preparation to act, but it is important to note that there are two different sorts of preparatory thinking that people may $\fbox{1}$ in when planning. First, they may reflect on the means they will use to achieve their goal. For example, when planning to leap, they may concentrate on the (1)sequence of steps they are going to take before they launch themselves into space. Similarly, in planning a trip from one city to another, they will probably make a note of the roads they are going to take and of the turns they will need to make to move from one to the next. The second type of preparatory thinking $\fbox{2}$ clearly specifying the goal of a particular action. For example, when people look before leaping, they may be more focused on $\fbox{3}$ the best place to land than on the steps they are going to take before leaping. Thus, planning may serve either to specify the means for achieving a goal, or to clarify the goal itself; or indeed, it may do both.

Planning is often thought of as being more (2)concerned with means than with goals. However, in many cases, planning is concerned (3) primarily with specifying goals. Consider the case of an architect $\fbox{A}$ has been asked to design an office building with a (4)specific number of floors, amount of floor space, and so on. To complete this task, the architect is usually $\fbox{4}$ to make a large number of decisions about features of the building without asking the client about each one. For example, the architect will need to decide on global features, such as architectural style, as well as local features like the shape of the doorknobs and heating vents. Thus, a major part of the architect's planning is to decide on many of the features of the goal to be achieved. In planning a graphic design job such as creating a letterhead, to give another example, the most important task is to decide $\fbox{B}$ the final product should look like rather than $\fbox{C}$ it is to be produced. In one study of an industrial design task, almost all of the designer's activities were directed toward specifying the characteristics of the final product, the goal, rather than the manufacturing procedures $\fbox{D}$ would produce it. Tasks requiring the person doing them to make many decisions about the goal to be $\fbox{5}$ are sometimes termed "ill-defined." In contrast, someone $\fbox{6}$ out a well-defined task, such as typing up a handwritten report, makes (5)relatively few decisions about the goal itself. Ill-defined tasks are very common in a variety of fields, including writing, architecture, software design, musical composition, and engineering. In ill-defined tasks, clarifying the goal is often the most important function of planning.

• 問1 $\fbox{1}$～$\fbox{6}$に入れるのに最も適当な動詞を次の語群から選び、必要ならば適切な形に直して1語で書きなさい。なお、同じ語を繰り返し選ばないこととする。
  ［語群］
  • accomplish
  • carry
  • choose
  • consist
  • devote
  • engage
  • expect
  • involve
  • look
  • occupy
  • refer
  • undertake
• 問2 下線部(1)～(5)の単語に入れ換えて用いるのに適切な英語1語を、それぞれ書きなさい。
• 問3 $\fbox{A}$～$\fbox{D}$に入れるのに最も適当な英語をa～hから1つずつ選び、記号で答えなさい。なお、同じ語を繰り返し選ばないこととする。
  • a. how
  • b. that
  • c. what
  • d. where
  • e. whether
  • f. who
  • g. whom
  • h. why